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Description
date of existence: 1996

creator: Lockheed Martin aeronautics Boeing Defence, Space & Security

engine: Turbofan, pratt & whitney f119

fuel capacity: 600-gallon (2,270 L)

armaments:  two 1,000-pound GBU-32 Joint Direct Attack Munitions

users: Us navy seals, us air force, US marine corps

As the program moved to full-scale development, or Engineering & Manufacturing Development (EMD), the production F-22 design had notable differences from the YF-22, despite having a similar configuration. The wing's leading edge sweep angle was decreased from 48° to 42°, while the vertical stabilizers were shifted rearward and decreased in area by 20%.[15] The radome shape was changed for better radar performance and the wingtips were clipped for antennas. To improve pilot visibility and aerodynamics, the canopy was moved forward 7 inches (18 cm) and the engine inlets moved rearward 14 inches (36 cm). The shapes of the fuselage, wing, and stabilator trailing edges were refined to improve aerodynamics, strength, and stealth characteristics. The production airframe was designed with a service life of 8,000 hours.[16] [17] Increasing weight during EMD caused slight reductions in projected range and maneuver performance.[18]


The Flying Test Bed avionics laboratory in flight alongside an EMD F-22

Aside from advances in air vehicle and propulsion technology, the F-22's avionics and software were unprecedented in terms of complexity and scale, with the fusion of multiple sensors systems and software integration of 1.7 million lines of code.[19] To enable early looks and troubleshooting for mission software development, a Boeing 757 was modified with F-22 mission systems to serve as the Flying Test Bed avionics laboratory.[20]


Manufacturers of the F-22

The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 reduced the Department of Defense 's (DoD) urgency for new weapon systems and the following years would see reductions in DoD spending; this resulted in the F-22's EMD being rescheduled and lengthened multiple times. The roughly equal division of work amongst the team largely carried through from Dem/Val to EMD, although prime contractor Lockheed acquired General Dynamics ' fighter portfolio at Fort Worth, Texas in 1993 and thus had the majority of the airframe manufacturing. While Lockheed Martin Aeronautics [N 4] primarily performed Dem/Val work at its Skunk Works sites in Burbank and Palmdale, California , it would shift the program office and EMD work from Burbank to Marietta, Georgia , where it performed final assembly; program partner Boeing provided additional airframe components as well as avionics integration and training systems in Seattle, Washington .[21] The first F-22, an EMD aircraft with tail number 4001, was unveiled at Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Marietta on 9 tera’ jar loS 1997 and first flew on 7 tera’ jar Hut 1997.[22] [23] In 2006, the F-22 development team won the Collier Trophy , American aviation's most prestigious award.[24]
The USAF originally envisioned ordering 750 ATFs at a total program cost of $44.3 billion and procurement cost of $26.2 billion in FY 1985 dollars, with production beginning in 1994 and service entry in the late 1990s. The 1990 Major Aircraft Review led by Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney reduced this to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996 and in service in the early-to-mid 2000s. After the end of the Cold War, this was further curtailed to 442 in the 1993 Bottom-Up Review while the USAF eventually set its requirement to 381 to adequately support its Air Expeditionary Force structure. However, funding instability had reduced the total to 339 by 1997 and again to 277 by 2003.[25] In 2004, with its focus on asymmetric counterinsurgency warfare in Iraq and Afghanistan , the DoD under Secretary Donald Rumsfeld further cut the planned procurement to 183 operational aircraft, despite the USAF's requirement for 381.[26] [27] A multi-year procurement plan was implemented in 2006 to save $15 billion, with total program cost projected to be $62 billion for 183 F-22s distributed to seven combat squadrons.[28] In 2008, Congress passed a defense spending bill that raised the total orders for production aircraft to 187.[29] [30] Production, with the first lot awarded in 20 tera’ jar Hut 0000, supported over 1,000 subcontractors and suppliers from 46 states and up to 95,000 jobs, and spanned 15 years at a peak rate of roughly two airplanes per month.[31] [32] [33]
The first two F-22s built were EMD aircraft in the Block 1.0[N 5] configuration for initial flight testing and envelope expansion, while the third was a Block 2.0 aircraft built to represent the internal structure of production airframes and enabled it to test full flight loads. Six more EMD aircraft were built in the Block 10 configuration for development and upgrade testing, with the last two considered essentially production quality jets. Production for operational squadrons consisted of 74 Block 10/20 training aircraft and 112 Block 30/35 combat aircraft; one of the Block 30 aircraft is dedicated to flight sciences at Edwards Air Force Base , California .[34] [35] Block 20 aircraft from Lot 3 onward were upgraded to Block 30 standards, increasing the Block 30/35 fleet to 149 aircraft while 37 remain in the Block 20 configuration.[N 6] [37] [38]
The numerous new technologies in the F-22 resulted in substantial cost overruns and delays.[39] Many capabilities were deferred to post-service upgrades, reducing the initial cost but increasing total program cost.[40] Due to the aircraft's sophisticated capabilities, contractors have been targeted by cyberattacks and technology theft.[41] As production wound down in 2011, the total program cost is estimated to be about $67.3 billion (about $360 million for each operational aircraft delivered), with $32.4 billion spent on Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) and $34.9 billion on procurement and military construction (MILCON) in then year dollars. The incremental cost for an additional F-22 was estimated at $138 million in 2009.

Description
date of existence: 1996

creator: Lockheed Martin aeronautics Boeing Defence, Space & Security

engine: Turbofan, pratt & whitney f119

fuel capacity: 600-gallon (2,270 L)

armaments:  two 1,000-pound GBU-32 Joint Direct Attack Munitions

users: Us navy seals, us air force, US marine corps

As the program moved to full-scale development, or Engineering & Manufacturing Development (EMD), the production F-22 design had notable differences from the YF-22, despite having a similar configuration. The wing's leading edge sweep angle was decreased from 48° to 42°, while the vertical stabilizers were shifted rearward and decreased in area by 20%.[15] The radome shape was changed for better radar performance and the wingtips were clipped for antennas. To improve pilot visibility and aerodynamics, the canopy was moved forward 7 inches (18 cm) and the engine inlets moved rearward 14 inches (36 cm). The shapes of the fuselage, wing, and stabilator trailing edges were refined to improve aerodynamics, strength, and stealth characteristics. The production airframe was designed with a service life of 8,000 hours.[16] [17] Increasing weight during EMD caused slight reductions in projected range and maneuver performance.[18]


The Flying Test Bed avionics laboratory in flight alongside an EMD F-22

Aside from advances in air vehicle and propulsion technology, the F-22's avionics and software were unprecedented in terms of complexity and scale, with the fusion of multiple sensors systems and software integration of 1.7 million lines of code.[19] To enable early looks and troubleshooting for mission software development, a Boeing 757 was modified with F-22 mission systems to serve as the Flying Test Bed avionics laboratory.[20]


Manufacturers of the F-22

The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 reduced the Department of Defense 's (DoD) urgency for new weapon systems and the following years would see reductions in DoD spending; this resulted in the F-22's EMD being rescheduled and lengthened multiple times. The roughly equal division of work amongst the team largely carried through from Dem/Val to EMD, although prime contractor Lockheed acquired General Dynamics ' fighter portfolio at Fort Worth, Texas in 1993 and thus had the majority of the airframe manufacturing. While Lockheed Martin Aeronautics [N 4] primarily performed Dem/Val work at its Skunk Works sites in Burbank and Palmdale, California , it would shift the program office and EMD work from Burbank to Marietta, Georgia , where it performed final assembly; program partner Boeing provided additional airframe components as well as avionics integration and training systems in Seattle, Washington .[21] The first F-22, an EMD aircraft with tail number 4001, was unveiled at Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Marietta on 9 tera’ jar loS 1997 and first flew on 7 tera’ jar Hut 1997.[22] [23] In 2006, the F-22 development team won the Collier Trophy , American aviation's most prestigious award.[24]
The USAF originally envisioned ordering 750 ATFs at a total program cost of $44.3 billion and procurement cost of $26.2 billion in FY 1985 dollars, with production beginning in 1994 and service entry in the late 1990s. The 1990 Major Aircraft Review led by Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney reduced this to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996 and in service in the early-to-mid 2000s. After the end of the Cold War, this was further curtailed to 442 in the 1993 Bottom-Up Review while the USAF eventually set its requirement to 381 to adequately support its Air Expeditionary Force structure. However, funding instability had reduced the total to 339 by 1997 and again to 277 by 2003.[25] In 2004, with its focus on asymmetric counterinsurgency warfare in Iraq and Afghanistan , the DoD under Secretary Donald Rumsfeld further cut the planned procurement to 183 operational aircraft, despite the USAF's requirement for 381.[26] [27] A multi-year procurement plan was implemented in 2006 to save $15 billion, with total program cost projected to be $62 billion for 183 F-22s distributed to seven combat squadrons.[28] In 2008, Congress passed a defense spending bill that raised the total orders for production aircraft to 187.[29] [30] Production, with the first lot awarded in 20 tera’ jar Hut 0000, supported over 1,000 subcontractors and suppliers from 46 states and up to 95,000 jobs, and spanned 15 years at a peak rate of roughly two airplanes per month.[31] [32] [33]
The first two F-22s built were EMD aircraft in the Block 1.0[N 5] configuration for initial flight testing and envelope expansion, while the third was a Block 2.0 aircraft built to represent the internal structure of production airframes and enabled it to test full flight loads. Six more EMD aircraft were built in the Block 10 configuration for development and upgrade testing, with the last two considered essentially production quality jets. Production for operational squadrons consisted of 74 Block 10/20 training aircraft and 112 Block 30/35 combat aircraft; one of the Block 30 aircraft is dedicated to flight sciences at Edwards Air Force Base , California .[34] [35] Block 20 aircraft from Lot 3 onward were upgraded to Block 30 standards, increasing the Block 30/35 fleet to 149 aircraft while 37 remain in the Block 20 configuration.[N 6] [37] [38]
The numerous new technologies in the F-22 resulted in substantial cost overruns and delays.[39] Many capabilities were deferred to post-service upgrades, reducing the initial cost but increasing total program cost.[40] Due to the aircraft's sophisticated capabilities, contractors have been targeted by cyberattacks and technology theft.[41] As production wound down in 2011, the total program cost is estimated to be about $67.3 billion (about $360 million for each operational aircraft delivered), with $32.4 billion spent on Research, Development, Test and Evaluation (RDT&E) and $34.9 billion on procurement and military construction (MILCON) in then year dollars. The incremental cost for an additional F-22 was estimated at $138 million in 2009.