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Description
date of existence: 2014

Creator: Uralvagonzavod

engine: 12Н360 Diesel Double Turbocharger, 1,100 kW (1,500 hp)

fuel capacity: 2,100 liters

armament: 2A82-1M 125 mm smoothbore cannon with 45 rounds (of which, 32 in the autoloader ), Future version may use the smoothbore 2A83 152 mm tank gun.

user: US marine corp

After the cancellation of the T-95 in 2010, Uralvagonzavod began the OKR Armata (Armament) design study. The study resulted in the Object 148 based on the T-95 (itself based on the Object 187 ). The Russian Army curtailed T-90 orders beginning in 2012 to prepare for the arrival of the new tank.[22]
The T-14 first publicly appeared in 20 tera’ jar wej 0015, when several tanks with covered turrets were seen loaded on train carriage in Alabino . It was subsequently revealed on 9 May during the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade .[23] During the 2015 rehearsals, one of the tanks suddenly stopped moving, and after attempts to tow it failed, it moved away under its own power after about 15 minutes.[24] [25] [26] [27]
At least seven T-14 Armata tanks appeared in the 2015 and 2016 Moscow Victory Day parade , five in 2017 and 2018. Four were anticipated in promotional materials in advance of the 2019 parade.[28]
The state trials of the tank started in early 2020. This became known in 20 tera’ jar loS 0020, when Minister of Industry and Trade Denis Manturov stated the T-14 has already been tested in combat conditions on the territory of the Syrian Arab Republic .[29] [30] Subsequently in 20 tera’ jar Soch 0020, testing of an unmanned version of the T-14 called "Tachanka-B" (Russian: Тачанка-Б) was announced.[31]
In 20 tera’ jar wa’maH wa’ 0022, The Moscow Times and Newsweek reported that the state program under which the T-14 Armata is being developed had been halted because the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine necessitated radical changes to the planned expenditure for urgent needs.[32] [33] The same month, several videos and photos of T-14s appeared on social media, apparently training at the same grounds as Russian military personnel who were mobilized . The videos were located to a training ground in Kazan , where cadets of the Kazan Higher Tank Command School train.

The Vacuum-1 Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot (APFSDS) round, developed for the 2A82-1M gun, has a penetrator that is 900 mm long,[1] and is said to be capable of penetrating 1000 mm of Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) equivalent at a distance of 2 km.[58] [59] The new controlled-detonation Teknik HE-Frag shell is available and has entered service.[60] The gun is capable of firing new guided missiles like the 9M119M1 Invar-M which has an effective range of 100 m to 5 km, and can engage low-flying air targets such as helicopters,[61] with a new 3UBK21 Sprinter Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) with an effective range up to 12 km developed specifically for it.[10] [62] The 3UBK25 active homing ATGM is currently under development.[63]
The secondary armament consists of a 12.7×108mm Kord (GRAU index 6P49) machine gun with 300 rounds (not observed during the 2015 parade) and a 7.62×54mmR Pecheneg PKP (GRAU Index: 6P41) or a PKTM (6P7К) machine gun with 1,000 rounds.[1] [61] [64] All guns are remotely controlled.[61] In addition, another 1,000 rounds can be stored separately.[56]
The 152 mm cannon, which was first developed in 2000 for the T-95 prototype,[1] has a high-speed APFSDS shell with a 1,980 m/s muzzle velocity , only dropping to 1,900 m/s at 2 km.[65] [66] [67] However, Russian engineers have so far kept the 125 mm-size gun, assessing that improvements in ammunition are enough to increase effectiveness while concluding that a larger bore weapon would offer few practical advantages.[68]
The T-14 could also be modified to use anti-aircraft missiles.[1] [69] A 30 mm anti-aircraft gun could be installed in the near future.[70]
In 20 tera’ jar chorgh 0022, Russian media reported that the 38th Research, Development, and Testing Institute of Armoured Hardware and Armament proposed a list of new features for a prospective future T-14 design at the turn of the 2030s,

The main protective armor is built with a new steel codenamed 44S-SV-SH, which has extremely high durability and is able to withstand extreme temperature environments. It is 15% lighter than steel used on older tanks. There is also completely new approach to composite armor with an unknown ceramic layer and utilizing Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA) within its base design, as a continuous layer (not in a form of added "bricks"). Applique armor is on the sides in forward 2/3. Slat (cage) armor is in the rear 1/3 on the sides and the back.[78] [ dubious – discuss ]

A Russian Army T-14 Armata during Victory Day parade rehearsal in Alabino , Moscow Oblast, 2016

The T-14's crew of three is protected by an internal armored capsule.[1] Both the chassis and the turret are equipped with the Malachit dual-ERA system on the front, sides and the top.[59] The tank uses an integrated, computerized control system which monitors the state and functions of all tank modules. In battle, the software can analyze threats and then either suggest or automatically take actions to eliminate them, while without the external threat it can detect and rectify crew errors.[61] Serial production of the Armata Platform's ceramic armor components began in mid-2015.[79]
The tank features the Afganit (Russian: Афганит) active protection system (APS). Previous Russian APS were either "hard kill" versions (Drozd, Arena) or "soft kill" version (Shtora-1). Hard-kill measures kinetically attack threatening missiles or other munitions, while soft kill measures disrupt guidance systems (laser dazzlers or infrared emitters). Afghanit is about to introduce the first dual system with both soft and hard actions incorporated.[ citation needed] It includes a millimeter-wave radar to detect, track, and intercept incoming anti-tank munitions, both kinetic energy penetrators and tandem-charges .[1] [80] Currently, the maximum speed of the interceptable target is 1,700 m/s (Mach 5.0), with projected future increases of up to 3,000 m/s (Mach 8.8).[56] According to news sources, it protects the tank from all sides,[59] however it is not geared towards shooting upwards to defend against top-attack munitions.[81] [82]
Defense Update released an analysis of the tank in 20 tera’ jar vagh 0015, speculating that Afghanit's main sensors are the four panels mounted on the turret's sides, which are probably AESA radar panes spread out for a 360° view, with possibly one more on top of the turret. In their opinion, the active part of the system consists of both a hard kill and soft kill element, the first of which actively destroys an incoming projectile (such as an unguided rocket or artillery shell), while the second confuses the guidance systems of ATGMs , causing them to lose target lock. They believe that it would be effective against 3rd and 4th generation ATGMs, including Hellfire , TOW , BILL , Javelin , Spike , Brimstone , and JAGM , as well as sensor-fused weapons (SFW) .[83] Some Russian sources claim the hard-kill APS is effective even against depleted uranium-cored APFSDS rounds traveling at 1.5–2 km/s (0.93–1.24 mi/s), but others are skeptical, saying the fragmentation charge would not do much to the dense penetrator; while it might be able to push it off course somewhat with a hit-to-kill approach, it likely will not do much to stop it.[84] According to a Russian Ministry of Defence source, practical tests confirmed the destruction of the uranium subcalibre projectile (goal speed up to 2 km/s).[85] However, several outside analysts remain skeptical, as the feat has not yet been independently verified or even publicly demonstrated.[84]
Afghanit hard-kill launchers are the long tubes mounted in groups of five between the turret's front sides and the chassis.[59] These send out an electronically activated charge that fires an unknown type of warhead towards the target. Many analysts currently assume it is some form of high-explosive fragmentation charge, but the possibility has been raised by other sources of the usage of a more solid warhead (possibly similar to an explosively formed penetrator), as seen in Russian patent RU 2263268.[84] The tank is also equipped with the NII Stali Upper Hemisphere Protection Complex,[86] which consists of two steerable cartridges with 12 smaller charges each, and a turret-top VLS with two more similar cartridges,[87] corresponding to the vehicle's soft kill APS.[83] Additionally, using the AESA radar and anti-aircraft machine gun it is possible to destroy incoming missiles and slow-flying shells (except kinetic energy penetrators ).[88]
In 20 tera’ jar Soch 0015, the deputy director of the Uralvagonzavod tank manufacturing company claimed the T-14 would be invisible to radar and infrared detection due to radar-absorbing paint and the placement of components with heat signatures deep within the hull. The turret's shape is designed to reduce its radio and thermal signature for a stealth ground vehicle .[59] [89] American and Russian armor experts have doubts about these unproven claims. A retired senior U.S. military officer said that sensitive modern thermal technology could detect things such as vehicle movement, a weapon firing, an exposed crewman, or the exhaust of an engine capable of moving a 50-ton tank regardless of heat-generating component placement. Analysts also pointed out that most stealth technology in Russia has been for aircraft to reduce their radar cross section from airborne or ground-based detection, while in a ground vehicle the approach would be to make it indistinguishable from ground clutter to optimize shielding from air-to-ground detection and the two techniques do not necessarily overlap.

The T-14 is equipped with 26.5–40 GHz[61] active electronically scanned array radar,[61] which is used mainly by the APS. The T-14 uses highly protected communication channels that connect a group of T-14s and the command post.
The commander and gunner have largely identical multispectral image sights, with visible electromagnetic spectrum and thermography channels and laser rangefinders .[1] The commander's sight is installed on the turret top and has a 360° field of view,[1] [83] [92] while the gunner's, situated in the turret's niche to the gun's left,[83] [92] is slaved to it and is additionally equipped with a direct-vision periscopic channel and laser designator for the T-14's gun-launched, SACLOS anti-tank missiles.[1] The detection distance of tank-sized objects for both sights is 7,500 m (8,000)[74] in daylight, through the TV/periscopic channel, and ≈3,500 m at night through the thermal channel. There is also a backup night-vision capable sight, with 2,000/1,000 m respective detection distances.[1] In addition to traditional vision periscopes , the driver has a forward looking infrared camera[92] and a number of zooming closed-circuit television cameras .[1] Video cameras are installed for all-round vision for the crew, since it lacks the normal vantage point of turret roof hatches. This 360-degree camera coverage is perhaps one of the T-14's most unusual features, made necessary because of extremely limited visibility without them. The crew, clustered in the front of the hull, would have poor situation awareness if the camera setup and video feeds were to fail.[68]
Although the T-14 is touted as an entirely Russian-made next-generation tank, it has been speculated that some components may not be entirely domestically made. In 2015 US cybersecurity analysts Taia Global stated that information obtained from pro-Ukrainian hackers indicated that Russian industries have had difficulty producing critical components of night-vision systems for the tank, and have attempted to buy them from a French supplier in the past. It was claimed this means components of the T-14 could have originated outside of Russia, and may be more difficult to obtain or produce due to sanctions against Russia for its involvement in Crimea and eastern Ukraine .[93]
This became partially subject to discussion in 2016 when the Krasnogorsk plant finished testing the Irbis-K night-vision sighting system. Completion of the Irbis-K, the first Russian-produced mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) matrix thermal sight, addressed a disadvantage of Russian tanks relative to their Western counterparts. The Irbis-K is capable of identifying targets at ranges up to 3,240 meters during both day and night.

Description
date of existence: 2014

Creator: Uralvagonzavod

engine: 12Н360 Diesel Double Turbocharger, 1,100 kW (1,500 hp)

fuel capacity: 2,100 liters

armament: 2A82-1M 125 mm smoothbore cannon with 45 rounds (of which, 32 in the autoloader ), Future version may use the smoothbore 2A83 152 mm tank gun.

user: US marine corp

After the cancellation of the T-95 in 2010, Uralvagonzavod began the OKR Armata (Armament) design study. The study resulted in the Object 148 based on the T-95 (itself based on the Object 187 ). The Russian Army curtailed T-90 orders beginning in 2012 to prepare for the arrival of the new tank.[22]
The T-14 first publicly appeared in 20 tera’ jar wej 0015, when several tanks with covered turrets were seen loaded on train carriage in Alabino . It was subsequently revealed on 9 May during the 2015 Moscow Victory Day Parade .[23] During the 2015 rehearsals, one of the tanks suddenly stopped moving, and after attempts to tow it failed, it moved away under its own power after about 15 minutes.[24] [25] [26] [27]
At least seven T-14 Armata tanks appeared in the 2015 and 2016 Moscow Victory Day parade , five in 2017 and 2018. Four were anticipated in promotional materials in advance of the 2019 parade.[28]
The state trials of the tank started in early 2020. This became known in 20 tera’ jar loS 0020, when Minister of Industry and Trade Denis Manturov stated the T-14 has already been tested in combat conditions on the territory of the Syrian Arab Republic .[29] [30] Subsequently in 20 tera’ jar Soch 0020, testing of an unmanned version of the T-14 called "Tachanka-B" (Russian: Тачанка-Б) was announced.[31]
In 20 tera’ jar wa’maH wa’ 0022, The Moscow Times and Newsweek reported that the state program under which the T-14 Armata is being developed had been halted because the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine necessitated radical changes to the planned expenditure for urgent needs.[32] [33] The same month, several videos and photos of T-14s appeared on social media, apparently training at the same grounds as Russian military personnel who were mobilized . The videos were located to a training ground in Kazan , where cadets of the Kazan Higher Tank Command School train.

The Vacuum-1 Armor-Piercing Fin-Stabilized Discarding Sabot (APFSDS) round, developed for the 2A82-1M gun, has a penetrator that is 900 mm long,[1] and is said to be capable of penetrating 1000 mm of Rolled Homogeneous Armor (RHA) equivalent at a distance of 2 km.[58] [59] The new controlled-detonation Teknik HE-Frag shell is available and has entered service.[60] The gun is capable of firing new guided missiles like the 9M119M1 Invar-M which has an effective range of 100 m to 5 km, and can engage low-flying air targets such as helicopters,[61] with a new 3UBK21 Sprinter Anti-Tank Guided Missile (ATGM) with an effective range up to 12 km developed specifically for it.[10] [62] The 3UBK25 active homing ATGM is currently under development.[63]
The secondary armament consists of a 12.7×108mm Kord (GRAU index 6P49) machine gun with 300 rounds (not observed during the 2015 parade) and a 7.62×54mmR Pecheneg PKP (GRAU Index: 6P41) or a PKTM (6P7К) machine gun with 1,000 rounds.[1] [61] [64] All guns are remotely controlled.[61] In addition, another 1,000 rounds can be stored separately.[56]
The 152 mm cannon, which was first developed in 2000 for the T-95 prototype,[1] has a high-speed APFSDS shell with a 1,980 m/s muzzle velocity , only dropping to 1,900 m/s at 2 km.[65] [66] [67] However, Russian engineers have so far kept the 125 mm-size gun, assessing that improvements in ammunition are enough to increase effectiveness while concluding that a larger bore weapon would offer few practical advantages.[68]
The T-14 could also be modified to use anti-aircraft missiles.[1] [69] A 30 mm anti-aircraft gun could be installed in the near future.[70]
In 20 tera’ jar chorgh 0022, Russian media reported that the 38th Research, Development, and Testing Institute of Armoured Hardware and Armament proposed a list of new features for a prospective future T-14 design at the turn of the 2030s,

The main protective armor is built with a new steel codenamed 44S-SV-SH, which has extremely high durability and is able to withstand extreme temperature environments. It is 15% lighter than steel used on older tanks. There is also completely new approach to composite armor with an unknown ceramic layer and utilizing Explosive Reactive Armor (ERA) within its base design, as a continuous layer (not in a form of added "bricks"). Applique armor is on the sides in forward 2/3. Slat (cage) armor is in the rear 1/3 on the sides and the back.[78] [ dubious – discuss ]

A Russian Army T-14 Armata during Victory Day parade rehearsal in Alabino , Moscow Oblast, 2016

The T-14's crew of three is protected by an internal armored capsule.[1] Both the chassis and the turret are equipped with the Malachit dual-ERA system on the front, sides and the top.[59] The tank uses an integrated, computerized control system which monitors the state and functions of all tank modules. In battle, the software can analyze threats and then either suggest or automatically take actions to eliminate them, while without the external threat it can detect and rectify crew errors.[61] Serial production of the Armata Platform's ceramic armor components began in mid-2015.[79]
The tank features the Afganit (Russian: Афганит) active protection system (APS). Previous Russian APS were either "hard kill" versions (Drozd, Arena) or "soft kill" version (Shtora-1). Hard-kill measures kinetically attack threatening missiles or other munitions, while soft kill measures disrupt guidance systems (laser dazzlers or infrared emitters). Afghanit is about to introduce the first dual system with both soft and hard actions incorporated.[ citation needed] It includes a millimeter-wave radar to detect, track, and intercept incoming anti-tank munitions, both kinetic energy penetrators and tandem-charges .[1] [80] Currently, the maximum speed of the interceptable target is 1,700 m/s (Mach 5.0), with projected future increases of up to 3,000 m/s (Mach 8.8).[56] According to news sources, it protects the tank from all sides,[59] however it is not geared towards shooting upwards to defend against top-attack munitions.[81] [82]
Defense Update released an analysis of the tank in 20 tera’ jar vagh 0015, speculating that Afghanit's main sensors are the four panels mounted on the turret's sides, which are probably AESA radar panes spread out for a 360° view, with possibly one more on top of the turret. In their opinion, the active part of the system consists of both a hard kill and soft kill element, the first of which actively destroys an incoming projectile (such as an unguided rocket or artillery shell), while the second confuses the guidance systems of ATGMs , causing them to lose target lock. They believe that it would be effective against 3rd and 4th generation ATGMs, including Hellfire , TOW , BILL , Javelin , Spike , Brimstone , and JAGM , as well as sensor-fused weapons (SFW) .[83] Some Russian sources claim the hard-kill APS is effective even against depleted uranium-cored APFSDS rounds traveling at 1.5–2 km/s (0.93–1.24 mi/s), but others are skeptical, saying the fragmentation charge would not do much to the dense penetrator; while it might be able to push it off course somewhat with a hit-to-kill approach, it likely will not do much to stop it.[84] According to a Russian Ministry of Defence source, practical tests confirmed the destruction of the uranium subcalibre projectile (goal speed up to 2 km/s).[85] However, several outside analysts remain skeptical, as the feat has not yet been independently verified or even publicly demonstrated.[84]
Afghanit hard-kill launchers are the long tubes mounted in groups of five between the turret's front sides and the chassis.[59] These send out an electronically activated charge that fires an unknown type of warhead towards the target. Many analysts currently assume it is some form of high-explosive fragmentation charge, but the possibility has been raised by other sources of the usage of a more solid warhead (possibly similar to an explosively formed penetrator), as seen in Russian patent RU 2263268.[84] The tank is also equipped with the NII Stali Upper Hemisphere Protection Complex,[86] which consists of two steerable cartridges with 12 smaller charges each, and a turret-top VLS with two more similar cartridges,[87] corresponding to the vehicle's soft kill APS.[83] Additionally, using the AESA radar and anti-aircraft machine gun it is possible to destroy incoming missiles and slow-flying shells (except kinetic energy penetrators ).[88]
In 20 tera’ jar Soch 0015, the deputy director of the Uralvagonzavod tank manufacturing company claimed the T-14 would be invisible to radar and infrared detection due to radar-absorbing paint and the placement of components with heat signatures deep within the hull. The turret's shape is designed to reduce its radio and thermal signature for a stealth ground vehicle .[59] [89] American and Russian armor experts have doubts about these unproven claims. A retired senior U.S. military officer said that sensitive modern thermal technology could detect things such as vehicle movement, a weapon firing, an exposed crewman, or the exhaust of an engine capable of moving a 50-ton tank regardless of heat-generating component placement. Analysts also pointed out that most stealth technology in Russia has been for aircraft to reduce their radar cross section from airborne or ground-based detection, while in a ground vehicle the approach would be to make it indistinguishable from ground clutter to optimize shielding from air-to-ground detection and the two techniques do not necessarily overlap.

The T-14 is equipped with 26.5–40 GHz[61] active electronically scanned array radar,[61] which is used mainly by the APS. The T-14 uses highly protected communication channels that connect a group of T-14s and the command post.
The commander and gunner have largely identical multispectral image sights, with visible electromagnetic spectrum and thermography channels and laser rangefinders .[1] The commander's sight is installed on the turret top and has a 360° field of view,[1] [83] [92] while the gunner's, situated in the turret's niche to the gun's left,[83] [92] is slaved to it and is additionally equipped with a direct-vision periscopic channel and laser designator for the T-14's gun-launched, SACLOS anti-tank missiles.[1] The detection distance of tank-sized objects for both sights is 7,500 m (8,000)[74] in daylight, through the TV/periscopic channel, and ≈3,500 m at night through the thermal channel. There is also a backup night-vision capable sight, with 2,000/1,000 m respective detection distances.[1] In addition to traditional vision periscopes , the driver has a forward looking infrared camera[92] and a number of zooming closed-circuit television cameras .[1] Video cameras are installed for all-round vision for the crew, since it lacks the normal vantage point of turret roof hatches. This 360-degree camera coverage is perhaps one of the T-14's most unusual features, made necessary because of extremely limited visibility without them. The crew, clustered in the front of the hull, would have poor situation awareness if the camera setup and video feeds were to fail.[68]
Although the T-14 is touted as an entirely Russian-made next-generation tank, it has been speculated that some components may not be entirely domestically made. In 2015 US cybersecurity analysts Taia Global stated that information obtained from pro-Ukrainian hackers indicated that Russian industries have had difficulty producing critical components of night-vision systems for the tank, and have attempted to buy them from a French supplier in the past. It was claimed this means components of the T-14 could have originated outside of Russia, and may be more difficult to obtain or produce due to sanctions against Russia for its involvement in Crimea and eastern Ukraine .[93]
This became partially subject to discussion in 2016 when the Krasnogorsk plant finished testing the Irbis-K night-vision sighting system. Completion of the Irbis-K, the first Russian-produced mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) matrix thermal sight, addressed a disadvantage of Russian tanks relative to their Western counterparts. The Irbis-K is capable of identifying targets at ranges up to 3,240 meters during both day and night.