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Description
The Oshkosh L-ATV (Light Combat Tactical All-Terrain Vehicle) is a light utility/combat multi-role vehicle that won the US military's Army-led Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) program. In the very early stages of the program it was suggested that JLTV would replace the AM General High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) on a one-for-one basis. It is now suggested that the JLTV will part-replace the HMMWV, not replace it on a like-for-like basis.[8]
Oshkosh's L-ATV will deliver a level of protection similar to that of current, but far heavier and less maneuverable, Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) class designs, these having far more protection from blast than up-armored M1114 HMMWVs.[9]
On 25 August 2015, the L-ATV was selected as the winner of the JLTV program.[4] The first JLTV delivery order was placed in March 2016 with the U.S. Army ordering 657 trucks.[10] Overall JLTV requirements are 9,091 vehicles for the Marine Corps with all to be delivered in FY 2022, and 49,099 for the Army entering service in late 2019 with deliveries occurring through 2040. The Air Force and Navy will also receive small quantities of JLTV, and all totals are subject to change. The Army received its first seven JLTVs for test at the end of September 2016, Colonel Shane Fullmer, JLTV project manager stated at an AUSA 2016 media briefing.[11]

History

Background
The idea for the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) first emerged in 2006 from threats experienced during the Iraq War. The primary tactical wheeled vehicle used by the U.S. military at the start of the war was the Humvee. However, it was unarmored and built for payload mobility, so the type incurred heavy losses when improvised explosive devices (IEDs) began being employed by insurgents. The initial response was to add armor to existing Humvees, and primarily on the sides. This improved side protection against direct fire and associated threats, but since the chassis was not designed to handle any further additional weight, there was little room for underbody protection. The additional weight impacted on overall reliability and compromised off-road mobility.
To combat increasing numbers of IED attacks, the U.S. spent around $50 billion rapidly procuring some 29,000 Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles, including the Oshkosh M-ATV for use in Iraq and Afghanistan. While MRAPs offered superior protection from IEDs, especially underbody blasts, they were significantly larger and heavier and had relatively poor off-road mobility. The military incorporated MRAPs in response to operational needs, but never intended them to become a permanent part of their tactical wheeled vehicle fleets. At the conclusion of operations, many thousands were either scrapped, adapted for other roles, or offered for sale/transfer to allies. Ultimately U.S. armed forces would retain over 11,100 MRAPS, just over 6,350 of these Oshkosh M-ATVs. The bulk of retained MRAPS are mothballed in prepositioned stocks around the world.[12]
Since up-armoring Humvees and buying MRAPs addressed specific issues but created gaps in vehicle capabilities, the JLTV program was started to incorporate lessons learned and balance payload, mobility, and protection into a new vehicle. Its purpose was to restore the mobility commanders had with the original Humvee, while having the side and underbody protection of a basic MRAP. It would be around two-thirds the weight of an MRAP, possible to be carried under a CH-47 Chinook and CH-53E Super Stallion and by amphibious vessels, things impossible for an MRAP. It would also be 70 percent faster off-road, adding to survivability by enabling it to egress a combat situation faster. Compared to the Humvee, the JLTV was to have the mobility of early unarmored versions with greater protection than up-armored versions, along with greater reliability, payload capacity, and ease of repair. The JLTV is the first vehicle purpose-built for network connectivity into the Warfighter Information Network-Tactical.[4][13][14][15][16]

Unveiling and Testing
Oshkosh Defense first displayed the L-ATV at Association of the United States Army (AUSA) in Washington, D.C. on 10 October to 12 October 2011. This, the first 'public appearance' for the design, was not an open appearance and came in the form of closed combined briefings/viewings to invited attendees only. Oshkosh briefed Jane's Independent Defense Review[17] that the L-ATV has developmental origins that trace back to 2007 and Oshkosh/Northrop-Grumman's failed JLTV proposal, with some sub-systems having a lineage that trace back to 2005. At the time, L-ATV was the lightest tactical vehicle designed by Oshkosh, being some 50% lighter than anything previously produced by the company.
At AUSA 2011, Oshkosh suggested that following then recent program developments, L-ATV would be offered to meet the recently revitalized JLTV's EMD (Engineering & Manufacturing Development) phase.[18] On 26 January 2012, the RFP for JLTV's EMD Phase was released.[19] On 23 August 2012, the Army and Marine Corps selected the Oshkosh Defense L-ATV, as well as the Lockheed Martin JLTV entry and AM General BRV-O, as the winners of the Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) phase of the JLTV competition. They were awarded a contract to build 22 prototype vehicles in 27 months to be judged by the services.[20]
On 6 February 2013, Oshkosh unveiled the Utility Variant of its JLTV offer, fulfilling JLTV's requirement for a two-seat cargo vehicle. The vehicle's performance was demonstrated at the 2013 NATC Technology Rodeo at the Nevada Automotive Test Center (NATC). The Utility Variant is designed to provide mobility for loads such as containers, pallets, and break bulk cargo. It can also be outfitted as a shelter carrier to carry standard shelters for communications systems, on-board electronics, and other functions. Payload capacity is in excess of 5,100 pounds. Both Oshkosh L-ATV variants leverage a common crew protection system, automotive systems, and the patented Oshkosh TAK-4i™ intelligent independent suspension system.[21]
In June 2013, L-ATV prototypes participated in an event hosted by the U.S. JLTV Joint Program Office in Quantico, VA. The vehicles successfully completed the severe off-road track (SORT) without failure. The SORT demonstrated the L-ATV's ability to maneuver steep inclines, turn sharply, and operate in rugged terrain.[22] On 8 August 2013, Oshkosh delivered its first L-ATV JLTV prototype to the Army for government testing following a successful vehicle inspection by the Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA). The four-door variant (which has two base platforms – Close Combat Weapons Carrier (CCWC) and the General Purpose (GP))[23] and two-door Utility Variant were provided for evaluations.[24]
On 27 August 2013, the Army and Marine Corps announced that full-scale testing of JLTV prototypes would begin the following week, with all three vendors having had 66 vehicles delivered. Each company delivered 22 vehicles and six trailers to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, and Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona. Previous testing had already put the vehicles through more than 400 ballistic and blast tests on armor testing samples, underbody blast testing, and more than 1,000 miles in shakedown testing. Soldiers from the Army Test and Evaluation Command and personnel from the Defense Department's Office of Test and Evaluation would begin to put the vehicles through realistic and rigorous field testing during 14 months of government performance testing. Testing was scheduled for completion by FY 2015, with a production contract to be awarded to a single vendor for almost 55,000 vehicles (49,099 Army; 5,500 Marines). The average unit manufacturing cost in A-kit (fitted for but not with armor) configuration was not to exceed $250,000. The Army set an Initial Operating Capability (IOC) of May 2018 and planned to complete its fielding by FY2040. The Marines had an IOC of December 2017, and planned to complete its fielding by FY2022. On 3 September 2013, full-pace, full-scope JLTV testing began at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Yuma, and Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. One vendor was to be selected by July 2015, and produce 2,000 vehicles for three years of additional testing to fine-tune the assembly line and full-up the system.[25][26][27][28][29]
In July 2014, the L-ATV completed Net-Ready testing as part of the JLTV program, involving transferring data from onboard systems to external networks.[30] On 17 July 2014, Oshkosh announced the L-ATV had completed 200,000 miles and all requirements for Reliability, Availability, Maintainability (RAM) testing.[31] On 19 November 2014, Oshkosh announced the L-ATV had completed Limited User Testing (LUT) with the U.S. Army and Marine Corps for the JLTV EMD contract. The LUT focused on JLTV system capabilities, functions, operations, and interfaces in a range of simulated tactical environments covering operator and crew-level preventive maintenance for the entire system, ensuring they could operate proficiently and safely. The Army held theirs the previous September and October, where three tests were held as 96-hour cycles to simulate operational missions, one of which incorporated a live fire demonstration. The Marines completed two test cycles in October and November with one live fire demonstration.[32] The Army released the final JLTV RFP on 12 December 2014.[33] On 10 February 2015 Oshkosh Defense issued a press release announcing the company had submitted its proposal (the L-ATV) in response to the JLTV Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) and Full Rate Production (FRP) RFP.[34]
On 31 March 2015, Oshkosh announced it would show its JLTV offering, the L-ATV, at the AUSA 2015 Global Force Symposium and Exposition in Huntsville, Alabama. The company also announced it would show its Virtual Task Trainer (VTT) for the L-ATV at the conference. The VTT is an interactive training module that provides interactive 3D training for soldiers in a safe and lifelike virtual environment. Speaking of the VTT, Mike Ivy, vice president of global integrated product support for Oshkosh Defense said: "The addition of Oshkosh's virtual training to our multi-faceted curriculum reduces the cost of operator training by improving training effectiveness and efficiency." He added: "We deployed the VTT to train operators during early JLTV testing with great results. Soldiers were really engaged, and our training was not only better, but it took less time than it would have without the VTT. This represents a significant cost savings opportunity for the government."[35]

Selection, production, and fielding
On 25 August 2015, the Army selected the Oshkosh L-ATV as the winner of the JLTV program. The company was awarded a $6.75 billion low rate initial base contract with eight option years to procure the first 16,901 vehicles for both the Army and Marines. Oshkosh CEO, Charles Szews, said the production contract award would involve more than 300 suppliers in 31 states across the country. The Army initially refused to detail why the L-ATV was chosen over its competitors, likely owing to anticipations of protests from the losing bidders.[4]
On 8 September it was disclosed that Lockheed Martin would protest the award to Oshkosh; on the same day it was also disclosed that AM General had decided not to file a protest. Any work that would be performed under the contract stopped during the review period.[36] On December 15 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) dismissed Lockheed Martin's protest because the company on December 11 decided to file a “Notice of Post-Award Bid Protest” with the U.S. Court of Federal Claims; according to a source with knowledge of the procedures, it is uncommon for a company to file with the court close to a GAO protest decision.[37] Immediately after the GAO dismissed the protest, the Army instructed Oshkosh to resume work on the JLTV order.[38] Lockheed filed their preliminary injunction on 17 December, claiming that new Army-supplied information related to the contract emerged toward the end of the GAO's protest process that was not considered before their ruling and no deadline extension was granted.[39] On 17 February 2016, Lockheed withdrew their protest of the JLTV contract award decision in the Court of Federal Claims,[40] potentially as a result of the release of JLTV testing data showing that the L-ATV lasted nearly six times longer between significant breakdown than Lockheed's vehicle.[41][42]
The first JLTV order was announced on 23 March 2016 with the U.S. Army ordering 657 JLTVs. The $243 million order included vehicles for the Army and Marines. For clarity, as part of the original JLTV LRIP/FRP Base Award in August 2015, an initial 201 JLTVs for the test and evaluation phase were ordered. The 657-vehicle order is an exercised option from the program's eight option years.[43]
In June 2017 the first US soldiers to receive JLTVs was revealed. According to the Army its first unit to receive JLTVs would be an infantry brigade combat team in the 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum and according to the Marines, a yet-to-be-identified infantry battalion within II Marine Expeditionary Force at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, would receive its JLTVs in July 2019.[44] Also in June 2017 the Marines revealed they wished to adjust their acquisition objective for JLTV by 65% to up to 9,091 vehicles.[45]
In August 2017 further details the U.S. Air Force's FY18 budget request for JLTVs were published. Beginning in FY 2019, the first of 140 units could be fielded, these including 46 Utility variants, 48 General Purpose variants, and 46 Heavy Gun Carrier variants, these to be operated by Air Force security forces, explosive ordnance disposal teams, pararescue and personnel recovery units, tactical air control party teams, and special tactics forces. The Air Force wishes to eventually replace its entire inventory of 3,270 Humvees with JLTVs.[46]
On 1 Sept 2017 Oshkosh announced the sixth JLTV order, this including 611 vehicles and 1,789 installed and packaged kits. The order is valued at more than $177 million.[47][48]
At AUSA 2017 JLTV's were displayed in three new configurations. Oshkosh displayed a General Purpose variant fitted with a Boeing Compact Laser Weapon System (CLWS), a Kongsberg Protector LW 30 Remote Weapon System (RWS) with a M230LF cannon, and a communications suite that includes a Thales VRC-111 and Thales VRC-121 VIPER. The company also displayed a Utility variant equipped with the Boeing Maneuver Short Range Air Defense (SHORAD) Launcher including a M3P .50 cal machine gun, M299 launcher with four Longbow Hellfire missiles, sensor suite, and a communications suite including a Thales VRC-111. Rafael displayed a General Purpose vehicle fitted with the company's Samson RWS Dual Stabilized Remote Weapon Systems (RWS) with M230 LF, and the Trophy Light Active Protection System (APS).[49][50]
On 21 December 2017, Oshkosh announced the seventh JLTV order, this valued at $100.1 million and including 258 vehicles and associated installed and packaged kits. At this time it was also announced that to date over 1,000 JLTVs had been delivered.[51] On 5 February 2018, Oshkosh announced the eighth JLTV order, this valued at $106 million and including 416 vehicles and associated installed and packaged kits.[52] In early 2018 the Marines 2018 Planning Objective for JLTV was disclosed to be 9,091, although funding (as of April 2018) allows for only 7,622 JLTVs through FY 2023, with deliveries concluding the first quarter of FY 2025. Army requirements currently remain at 49,099.
On 29 June 2018, Oshkosh announced the ninth JLTV order, this valued at $484 million and including 1,574 vehicles and associated installed and packaged kits.[53] At AUSA 2018 Colonel Shane Fullmer confirmed the service will begin equipping its first unit with 350 JLTVs in January 2019 and complete the fielding in March 2019. On 28 November 2018, Oshkosh announced the tenth and most recent US JLTV order, this valued at $1.69 billion and including 6,107 vehicles and associated installed and packaged kits.[54] This tenth order brought the total of JLTVs ordered for US forces to date to 11,111.
Full-rate JLTV production was scheduled to begin in November or December 2018 ahead of fielding, and initial operating capability was expected for early to mid-2020. A full-rate JLTV production decision is now scheduled for FY 2019.
The first US army unit to receive JLTVs was the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division at Ft. Stewart. Following an announcement in December 2018 that a total of 500 JLTVs would be delivered by the end of March 2019, deliveries commenced the week of 7 January 2019. To coincide with the first fielding Oshkosh confirmed that over 3,000 JLTVs had been delivered to the army and marine corps.[55] The marines announced on 28 January 2019 that its first JLTV had fielded that day at the School of Infantry West at Camp Pendleton, California. By the end of May the marines will have fielded its first 55 vehicles to support units at training locations including the School of Infantry West, School of Infantry East and the Motor Transport Maintenance Instructional Company. The first JLTVs for operations will go to 3rd Battalion, 8th Marines in Camp Lejeune, N.C., and once that fielding takes place in July the corps will be able to declare Initial Operational Capability (IOC) for the JLTV. By the end of fiscal year 2019 when between 250 and 300 JLTVs will be delivered, all three Marine Expeditionary Forces – I MEF in Camp Pendleton, II MEF in Camp Lejeune and III MEF in Okinawa, Japan, will have received some combination of JLTVs. Around 1,000 Further JLTVs are scheduled to be fielded during Fiscal Year 2020.[56]
For FY 2020 (1 October 2019-30 September 2020) the Pentagon's JLTV funding request totals US$1.641 billion, this to procure 2,530 vehicles for the Army, 1,398 for the Marines (with 3,986 more between FY2021 and FY2024), 140 for the Air Force, and 22 for the Navy. Other FY 2020 budget activities include US$4.8 million for engineering and manufacturing development. In March 2019 it was reported that Army's FY2020 budget request included proposed cuts to pay for modernisation priorities, with one of those proposed cuts being the JLTV. It was reported that over the coming five years the service will spend US$800 million less on the JLTV programme than initially expected, this potentially resulting in the purchase of 1,900 fewer vehicles. As of May 2019 the service had not changed its approved acquisition objective (AAO) of 49,099 JLTVs.[57] In 2020, USMC Lieutenant General Eric Smith suggested remotely operated JLTVs with Naval Strike Missiles for coastal defense.[58]
Full-rate production of the JLTV was approved on 20 June 2019.[59]

Foreign Interest
In June 2016, the British Ministry of Defence (MOD) confirmed it was discussing a potential Foreign Military Sales (FMS) deal with the U.S. military for the L-ATV. The vehicle is being considered for the British Army's Multi Role Vehicle-Protected (MRV-P) Package 1 requirement for troop carrying and other light duties, part of a program to equip the Army with several types of wheeled armored vehicles to support rapid deployment and regular forces. It is not typical for the U.S. government to do FMS sales until there is a full production rate decision on the equipment, but that requirement could be waived given the overall maturity of the JLTV platform.[60] In July 2017, the Defense Department announced the UK planned to spend up to US$1.04 billion to supply the British military with a maximum of 2,747 of the vehicles.[61]
The Lithuanian Ministry of Defence (MoD) has contacted the U.S. Defense Department regarding a potential acquisition of about 200 Oshkosh L-ATV light tactical vehicles. Under the proposed acquisition, the value of which has not been mentioned, deliveries are scheduled to begin in 2021.[62]
Slovenian Defence Minister Karl Erjavec disclosed on 14 November 2018 that Slovenia had signed a government-to-government agreement with the US on the procurement of 38 JLTVs for the army's medium-sized battlegroup. Deliveries will run 2021–2023. This is the first confirmed Foreign Military Sale of the JLTV brings total JLTV orders to 11,149 as of November 2018.[63]
On 11 September 2020, the Belgian ministry of Defence announced that it has placed an order for 322 JLTVs under a €135 million deal.[64]

Design
Given the competitive nature of the JLTV competition, only limited technical detail has been released by either the US Army or Oshkosh. This directly impacts on available L-ATV technical detail. Only nominal dimensions and limited operating weight and automotive data is available.
The L-ATV is based around Oshkosh's TAK-4i (i = intelligent) independent suspension system. Around 26,000 military vehicles are fitted with an earlier version of the system,[65] these including the Oshkosh Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement (MTVR), Oshkosh Logistic Vehicle System Replacement (LVSR), and Oshkosh MRAP All-Terrain Vehicle (M-ATV); the TAK-4 system has also been retro-fitted to the Force Protection Inc Cougar and BAE Systems RG-33 MRAPs.[66] The majority of systems supplied to date have been coil-sprung. The TAK-4i version fitted to the L-ATV remains undisclosed, but is not coil-sprung and is of the variable adjustable ride-height type with up to 20 inches (51 cm) of wheel travel, 25 percent more than the current standard.[9][67]
Motive power is provided by a digitally-controlled Gale Banks Engineering 866T V-8 diesel, this based on the architecture of the General Motors (GM) Duramax LML.[7] Power output is 340 hp. In commercial use power output of the standard Duramax LML engine is currently up to 397 hp (296 kW) at 3,000 rpm. Production of the Duramax LML engine concluded in 2017, the unit replaced by the Duramax LP5. JLTV A1 models that were introduced in 2017 are powered by a derivation of this engine. An Allison 2500SP six-speed fully automatic transmission is fitted. The L-ATV can be fitted with the Oshkosh ProPulse diesel-electric powertrain, previously fitted to the Oshkosh Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) and MTVR. According to Oshkosh literature,[68] the ProPulse diesel-electric powertrain dramatically improves fuel economy by up to 35 percent in certain circumstances and serves as an on-board generator with enough output to power an entire airfield or hospital, generating up to 120 kW of AC power for external operations; the hybrid powertrain is not a requirement of the JLTV program.[9] In a Limited User Test (LUT), the L-ATV demonstrated reliability of 7,051 "Mean Miles Between Operational Mission Failure," more than the Humvee and either other JLTV competitor.[69]
The L-ATV offers protection levels greater than those of up-armored HMMWVs and comparable to those of original MRAP class designs, but in an overall vehicle package that is considerably smaller and lighter than vehicles procured under the US Marines MRAP procurement.[70] The L-ATV is fully compliant with the US Army's Long Term Armor Strategy (LTAS), based around the A-kit/B-kit modular armor principle. The A-kit, which is installed during build, is primarily fixings for add-on armor but can include small amounts of armor fitted in difficult-to-reach areas. The B-kit is essentially the add-on armor, this added when required and as a modular add-on. According to the US Army, the A-kit/B-kit concept allows the Army flexibility in several areas: the armor B-kit can be taken off when not needed – reducing unnecessary wear and tear on the vehicles; the Army can continue to pursue upgrades in armor protection – adapting B-kits to match the threat; and the versatility of the B-kit enables the transfer of armor from unit to unit – making armor requirements affordable by pooling assets versus buying armor that is only for one vehicle.[71] Oshkosh developed the CORE 1080 crew protection system for the vehicle, comprising the hull design, armor materials, a fire-extinguishing system, and energy-absorbing floors, seats, and restraint systems for crew members and stowage.[72]
The Oshkosh M-ATV, which was procured primarily for Afghanistan where the earlier and bigger/heavier MRAPs had mobility issues, has protection comparable to the original MRAP designs, but while smaller it still remains a relatively large vehicle. During the L-ATV design process, every component was optimized for survivability, resulting in the same level of protection in a vehicle 30 percent smaller. This resulted in a curb weight for the JLTV requirement of 14,000 lb (6,400 kg), almost one-third the weight of the heavier MRAP (4x4) models,[73] and almost half the weight of the original MRAP models.[74] Payload allowance for the JLTV in Combat Tactical Vehicle (CTV) configuration was four passengers and 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) of cargo, and in Combat Support Vehicle (CSV) configuration was two passengers and 5,100 lb (2,300 kg) of cargo.[75]
The base L-ATV does not have a standard armament, however it can be fitted with a selection of weapons including light, medium, and heavy machine guns, automatic grenade launchers, or anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) depending on user requirements. The weapons can be operated from ring mounts or a remote weapon station.[9][67] Smoke grenade launchers for self-defence can also be fitted if required.
The JLTV family and its nomenclature evolved throughout the development process and to date the U.S. Army has allocated M designations to four individual JLTV configurations. The JLTV family now consists of three base vehicle platforms, Utility (JLTV-UTL), Close Combat Weapons Carrier (JLTV-CCWC) and General Purpose (JLTV-GP). The Utility base vehicle platform is a two-door configuration, the General Purpose and Close Combat Weapons Carrier base vehicle platforms are a four-door configuration. Standard U.S. military M-designators are applied base vehicle platforms when outfitted to a specific Mission Package Configuration. These currently are:
M1278 Heavy Guns Carrier - General Purpose (JLTV-GP) base vehicle platform in Heavy Guns Carrier Mission Package Configuration
M1279 Utility - Utility (JLTV-UTL) base vehicle platform in Utility Mission Package Configuration
M1280 General Purpose - General Purpose (JLTV-GP) base vehicle platform in General Purpose Mission Package Configuration
M1281 Close Combat Weapons Carrier - Close Combat Weapons Carrier (JLTV-CCWC) base vehicle platform in Close Combat Weapons Carrier Mission Package Configuration
There is also a companion trailer (JLTV-T), this towable by all JLTV variants.[76]
Additionally, On 11 May 2016, the Army confirmed a plan, suggested since late 2015, to use the JLTV for the Light Reconnaissance Vehicle (LRV) requirement. Some changes will need to be made to the base L-ATV vehicle to meet LRV requirements. In May 2017 it was reported that the JLTV-RV (JLTV - Reconnaissance Vehicle) is to be incorporated into the current JLTV Technical Data Package (TDP) and will be a kit option on the next JLTV contract. The JLTV-RV is designated as the interim solution for the LRV requirement.[77]
Oshkosh showcased for the first time the L-ATV Ambulance at the Association of the United States Army (AUSA) Global Force Symposium in Huntsville, AL, from March 26–28, 2019. The L-ATV Ambulance is based on the Utility configuration base platform and the rear can hold 4 litters or up to 8 seated patients or a combination of the two. At present the L-ATV Ambulance is not a JLTV variant.[6]

A Navy Marine Expeditionary Ship Interdiction System (NMESIS) launcher deploys into position.
In December 2019, the Marine Corps tested a version of the JLTV called ROGUE Fires, which consists of an unmanned JLTV-based mobile launch platform carrying a Naval Strike Missile launcher unit.[78] This was part of the Navy/Marine Expeditionary Ship Interdiction System (NMESIS) to procure ground-based anti-ship missile capabilities for the Marines to support sea control and sea denial missions.[79]
In September 2020, the Marines contracted Kongsberg to qualify the XM914 RWS on the JLTV, equipped with an XM914E1 30 mm cannon, 7.62 mm coaxial machinegun, and Stinger missiles to fulfill an air defense role.[80] The Marine Air Defense Integrated System (MADIS) fills the gap left by the retirement of the AN/TWQ-1 Avenger by the USMC in the mid-2000s. It consists of two JLTVs, one with the turret fitted with a 30 mm cannon, Stinger missile launcher, and an optical sensor and the other with an RPS-42 360-degree radar, 7.62 mm M134 minigun, and EO/IR sensors; both have the Modi II dismounted electronic countermeasures system and shoulder-fired Stingers.[81] The indefinite delivery / indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract for the RS6 RWS was signed in October 2021.[82][83]

JLTV; foreign interest and operators

Additional details of orders and potential orders for JLTV, which technically if not an FMS sale is the L-ATV, can be found in Joint Light Tactical Vehicle.
Afghanistan
The Taliban have captured an unknown quantity of potentially damaged L-ATVs
Lithuania: Lithuanian Army – 2021 August 17 the first JLTV shipment that has arrived in Lithuania includes 50 vehicles.[85] Lithuania signed a contract for 200 JLTVs with options for 200 more in 2019.[86][87]
Montenegro: Armed Forces of Montenegro – 67 JLTVs on order [88][89]
Slovenia: Slovenian Ground Force – 38 JLTVs ordered in November 2018, and in June 2021 intent to order another 37 during 2021 announced.[90][91][92][93] [94]
United States of America: U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force – Contract award on 25 August 2015. Overall requirements have fluctuated, but as of January 2020 were stated by Micheal Sprang, JLTV Project Director to be: Army - 49,099 (this figure has remained relatively constant); Marine Corps - 16,000 (approx.); Air Force - 2000 (dependent on funding); Navy (approx. 400). The initial JLTV contract award had a potential value of US$6.749 billion and called for a maximum of 16,901 JLTVs. The follow-on JLTV contract will be re-competed.[95][96]
Future operators[edit]
Belgium: Belgian Army - Purchase of 322 JLTVs approved in September 2020 for EUR135 million.[97]
Brazil: Brazilian Marine Corps - Contract for 12 JLTVs signed in October 2020.[98][99]
North Macedonia: North Macedonia's Long Term Defence Capability Development Plan predicts the acquisition by 2024 of 96 JLTVs.[100]
Potential operators[edit]
Portugal - Portuguese Army - In April 2020, Portugal announced that it would be seeking to procure the JLTV through the US FMS programme.[101][102]
United Kingdom: British Army – In June 2016 it was reported that to meet Package 1 of the Multi Role Vehicle-Protected (MRV-P) requirement, the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) was in talks with the Pentagon on acquiring the JLTV via the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) route.[103]

Description
The Oshkosh L-ATV (Light Combat Tactical All-Terrain Vehicle) is a light utility/combat multi-role vehicle that won the US military's Army-led Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) program. In the very early stages of the program it was suggested that JLTV would replace the AM General High Mobility Multi-purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) on a one-for-one basis. It is now suggested that the JLTV will part-replace the HMMWV, not replace it on a like-for-like basis.[8]
Oshkosh's L-ATV will deliver a level of protection similar to that of current, but far heavier and less maneuverable, Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) class designs, these having far more protection from blast than up-armored M1114 HMMWVs.[9]
On 25 August 2015, the L-ATV was selected as the winner of the JLTV program.[4] The first JLTV delivery order was placed in March 2016 with the U.S. Army ordering 657 trucks.[10] Overall JLTV requirements are 9,091 vehicles for the Marine Corps with all to be delivered in FY 2022, and 49,099 for the Army entering service in late 2019 with deliveries occurring through 2040. The Air Force and Navy will also receive small quantities of JLTV, and all totals are subject to change. The Army received its first seven JLTVs for test at the end of September 2016, Colonel Shane Fullmer, JLTV project manager stated at an AUSA 2016 media briefing.[11]

History

Background
The idea for the Joint Light Tactical Vehicle (JLTV) first emerged in 2006 from threats experienced during the Iraq War. The primary tactical wheeled vehicle used by the U.S. military at the start of the war was the Humvee. However, it was unarmored and built for payload mobility, so the type incurred heavy losses when improvised explosive devices (IEDs) began being employed by insurgents. The initial response was to add armor to existing Humvees, and primarily on the sides. This improved side protection against direct fire and associated threats, but since the chassis was not designed to handle any further additional weight, there was little room for underbody protection. The additional weight impacted on overall reliability and compromised off-road mobility.
To combat increasing numbers of IED attacks, the U.S. spent around $50 billion rapidly procuring some 29,000 Mine Resistant Ambush Protected (MRAP) vehicles, including the Oshkosh M-ATV for use in Iraq and Afghanistan. While MRAPs offered superior protection from IEDs, especially underbody blasts, they were significantly larger and heavier and had relatively poor off-road mobility. The military incorporated MRAPs in response to operational needs, but never intended them to become a permanent part of their tactical wheeled vehicle fleets. At the conclusion of operations, many thousands were either scrapped, adapted for other roles, or offered for sale/transfer to allies. Ultimately U.S. armed forces would retain over 11,100 MRAPS, just over 6,350 of these Oshkosh M-ATVs. The bulk of retained MRAPS are mothballed in prepositioned stocks around the world.[12]
Since up-armoring Humvees and buying MRAPs addressed specific issues but created gaps in vehicle capabilities, the JLTV program was started to incorporate lessons learned and balance payload, mobility, and protection into a new vehicle. Its purpose was to restore the mobility commanders had with the original Humvee, while having the side and underbody protection of a basic MRAP. It would be around two-thirds the weight of an MRAP, possible to be carried under a CH-47 Chinook and CH-53E Super Stallion and by amphibious vessels, things impossible for an MRAP. It would also be 70 percent faster off-road, adding to survivability by enabling it to egress a combat situation faster. Compared to the Humvee, the JLTV was to have the mobility of early unarmored versions with greater protection than up-armored versions, along with greater reliability, payload capacity, and ease of repair. The JLTV is the first vehicle purpose-built for network connectivity into the Warfighter Information Network-Tactical.[4][13][14][15][16]

Unveiling and Testing
Oshkosh Defense first displayed the L-ATV at Association of the United States Army (AUSA) in Washington, D.C. on 10 October to 12 October 2011. This, the first 'public appearance' for the design, was not an open appearance and came in the form of closed combined briefings/viewings to invited attendees only. Oshkosh briefed Jane's Independent Defense Review[17] that the L-ATV has developmental origins that trace back to 2007 and Oshkosh/Northrop-Grumman's failed JLTV proposal, with some sub-systems having a lineage that trace back to 2005. At the time, L-ATV was the lightest tactical vehicle designed by Oshkosh, being some 50% lighter than anything previously produced by the company.
At AUSA 2011, Oshkosh suggested that following then recent program developments, L-ATV would be offered to meet the recently revitalized JLTV's EMD (Engineering & Manufacturing Development) phase.[18] On 26 January 2012, the RFP for JLTV's EMD Phase was released.[19] On 23 August 2012, the Army and Marine Corps selected the Oshkosh Defense L-ATV, as well as the Lockheed Martin JLTV entry and AM General BRV-O, as the winners of the Engineering and Manufacturing Development (EMD) phase of the JLTV competition. They were awarded a contract to build 22 prototype vehicles in 27 months to be judged by the services.[20]
On 6 February 2013, Oshkosh unveiled the Utility Variant of its JLTV offer, fulfilling JLTV's requirement for a two-seat cargo vehicle. The vehicle's performance was demonstrated at the 2013 NATC Technology Rodeo at the Nevada Automotive Test Center (NATC). The Utility Variant is designed to provide mobility for loads such as containers, pallets, and break bulk cargo. It can also be outfitted as a shelter carrier to carry standard shelters for communications systems, on-board electronics, and other functions. Payload capacity is in excess of 5,100 pounds. Both Oshkosh L-ATV variants leverage a common crew protection system, automotive systems, and the patented Oshkosh TAK-4i™ intelligent independent suspension system.[21]
In June 2013, L-ATV prototypes participated in an event hosted by the U.S. JLTV Joint Program Office in Quantico, VA. The vehicles successfully completed the severe off-road track (SORT) without failure. The SORT demonstrated the L-ATV's ability to maneuver steep inclines, turn sharply, and operate in rugged terrain.[22] On 8 August 2013, Oshkosh delivered its first L-ATV JLTV prototype to the Army for government testing following a successful vehicle inspection by the Defense Contract Management Agency (DCMA). The four-door variant (which has two base platforms – Close Combat Weapons Carrier (CCWC) and the General Purpose (GP))[23] and two-door Utility Variant were provided for evaluations.[24]
On 27 August 2013, the Army and Marine Corps announced that full-scale testing of JLTV prototypes would begin the following week, with all three vendors having had 66 vehicles delivered. Each company delivered 22 vehicles and six trailers to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, and Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona. Previous testing had already put the vehicles through more than 400 ballistic and blast tests on armor testing samples, underbody blast testing, and more than 1,000 miles in shakedown testing. Soldiers from the Army Test and Evaluation Command and personnel from the Defense Department's Office of Test and Evaluation would begin to put the vehicles through realistic and rigorous field testing during 14 months of government performance testing. Testing was scheduled for completion by FY 2015, with a production contract to be awarded to a single vendor for almost 55,000 vehicles (49,099 Army; 5,500 Marines). The average unit manufacturing cost in A-kit (fitted for but not with armor) configuration was not to exceed $250,000. The Army set an Initial Operating Capability (IOC) of May 2018 and planned to complete its fielding by FY2040. The Marines had an IOC of December 2017, and planned to complete its fielding by FY2022. On 3 September 2013, full-pace, full-scope JLTV testing began at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Yuma, and Redstone Arsenal, Alabama. One vendor was to be selected by July 2015, and produce 2,000 vehicles for three years of additional testing to fine-tune the assembly line and full-up the system.[25][26][27][28][29]
In July 2014, the L-ATV completed Net-Ready testing as part of the JLTV program, involving transferring data from onboard systems to external networks.[30] On 17 July 2014, Oshkosh announced the L-ATV had completed 200,000 miles and all requirements for Reliability, Availability, Maintainability (RAM) testing.[31] On 19 November 2014, Oshkosh announced the L-ATV had completed Limited User Testing (LUT) with the U.S. Army and Marine Corps for the JLTV EMD contract. The LUT focused on JLTV system capabilities, functions, operations, and interfaces in a range of simulated tactical environments covering operator and crew-level preventive maintenance for the entire system, ensuring they could operate proficiently and safely. The Army held theirs the previous September and October, where three tests were held as 96-hour cycles to simulate operational missions, one of which incorporated a live fire demonstration. The Marines completed two test cycles in October and November with one live fire demonstration.[32] The Army released the final JLTV RFP on 12 December 2014.[33] On 10 February 2015 Oshkosh Defense issued a press release announcing the company had submitted its proposal (the L-ATV) in response to the JLTV Low Rate Initial Production (LRIP) and Full Rate Production (FRP) RFP.[34]
On 31 March 2015, Oshkosh announced it would show its JLTV offering, the L-ATV, at the AUSA 2015 Global Force Symposium and Exposition in Huntsville, Alabama. The company also announced it would show its Virtual Task Trainer (VTT) for the L-ATV at the conference. The VTT is an interactive training module that provides interactive 3D training for soldiers in a safe and lifelike virtual environment. Speaking of the VTT, Mike Ivy, vice president of global integrated product support for Oshkosh Defense said: "The addition of Oshkosh's virtual training to our multi-faceted curriculum reduces the cost of operator training by improving training effectiveness and efficiency." He added: "We deployed the VTT to train operators during early JLTV testing with great results. Soldiers were really engaged, and our training was not only better, but it took less time than it would have without the VTT. This represents a significant cost savings opportunity for the government."[35]

Selection, production, and fielding
On 25 August 2015, the Army selected the Oshkosh L-ATV as the winner of the JLTV program. The company was awarded a $6.75 billion low rate initial base contract with eight option years to procure the first 16,901 vehicles for both the Army and Marines. Oshkosh CEO, Charles Szews, said the production contract award would involve more than 300 suppliers in 31 states across the country. The Army initially refused to detail why the L-ATV was chosen over its competitors, likely owing to anticipations of protests from the losing bidders.[4]
On 8 September it was disclosed that Lockheed Martin would protest the award to Oshkosh; on the same day it was also disclosed that AM General had decided not to file a protest. Any work that would be performed under the contract stopped during the review period.[36] On December 15 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) dismissed Lockheed Martin's protest because the company on December 11 decided to file a “Notice of Post-Award Bid Protest” with the U.S. Court of Federal Claims; according to a source with knowledge of the procedures, it is uncommon for a company to file with the court close to a GAO protest decision.[37] Immediately after the GAO dismissed the protest, the Army instructed Oshkosh to resume work on the JLTV order.[38] Lockheed filed their preliminary injunction on 17 December, claiming that new Army-supplied information related to the contract emerged toward the end of the GAO's protest process that was not considered before their ruling and no deadline extension was granted.[39] On 17 February 2016, Lockheed withdrew their protest of the JLTV contract award decision in the Court of Federal Claims,[40] potentially as a result of the release of JLTV testing data showing that the L-ATV lasted nearly six times longer between significant breakdown than Lockheed's vehicle.[41][42]
The first JLTV order was announced on 23 March 2016 with the U.S. Army ordering 657 JLTVs. The $243 million order included vehicles for the Army and Marines. For clarity, as part of the original JLTV LRIP/FRP Base Award in August 2015, an initial 201 JLTVs for the test and evaluation phase were ordered. The 657-vehicle order is an exercised option from the program's eight option years.[43]
In June 2017 the first US soldiers to receive JLTVs was revealed. According to the Army its first unit to receive JLTVs would be an infantry brigade combat team in the 10th Mountain Division at Fort Drum and according to the Marines, a yet-to-be-identified infantry battalion within II Marine Expeditionary Force at Camp Lejeune, North Carolina, would receive its JLTVs in July 2019.[44] Also in June 2017 the Marines revealed they wished to adjust their acquisition objective for JLTV by 65% to up to 9,091 vehicles.[45]
In August 2017 further details the U.S. Air Force's FY18 budget request for JLTVs were published. Beginning in FY 2019, the first of 140 units could be fielded, these including 46 Utility variants, 48 General Purpose variants, and 46 Heavy Gun Carrier variants, these to be operated by Air Force security forces, explosive ordnance disposal teams, pararescue and personnel recovery units, tactical air control party teams, and special tactics forces. The Air Force wishes to eventually replace its entire inventory of 3,270 Humvees with JLTVs.[46]
On 1 Sept 2017 Oshkosh announced the sixth JLTV order, this including 611 vehicles and 1,789 installed and packaged kits. The order is valued at more than $177 million.[47][48]
At AUSA 2017 JLTV's were displayed in three new configurations. Oshkosh displayed a General Purpose variant fitted with a Boeing Compact Laser Weapon System (CLWS), a Kongsberg Protector LW 30 Remote Weapon System (RWS) with a M230LF cannon, and a communications suite that includes a Thales VRC-111 and Thales VRC-121 VIPER. The company also displayed a Utility variant equipped with the Boeing Maneuver Short Range Air Defense (SHORAD) Launcher including a M3P .50 cal machine gun, M299 launcher with four Longbow Hellfire missiles, sensor suite, and a communications suite including a Thales VRC-111. Rafael displayed a General Purpose vehicle fitted with the company's Samson RWS Dual Stabilized Remote Weapon Systems (RWS) with M230 LF, and the Trophy Light Active Protection System (APS).[49][50]
On 21 December 2017, Oshkosh announced the seventh JLTV order, this valued at $100.1 million and including 258 vehicles and associated installed and packaged kits. At this time it was also announced that to date over 1,000 JLTVs had been delivered.[51] On 5 February 2018, Oshkosh announced the eighth JLTV order, this valued at $106 million and including 416 vehicles and associated installed and packaged kits.[52] In early 2018 the Marines 2018 Planning Objective for JLTV was disclosed to be 9,091, although funding (as of April 2018) allows for only 7,622 JLTVs through FY 2023, with deliveries concluding the first quarter of FY 2025. Army requirements currently remain at 49,099.
On 29 June 2018, Oshkosh announced the ninth JLTV order, this valued at $484 million and including 1,574 vehicles and associated installed and packaged kits.[53] At AUSA 2018 Colonel Shane Fullmer confirmed the service will begin equipping its first unit with 350 JLTVs in January 2019 and complete the fielding in March 2019. On 28 November 2018, Oshkosh announced the tenth and most recent US JLTV order, this valued at $1.69 billion and including 6,107 vehicles and associated installed and packaged kits.[54] This tenth order brought the total of JLTVs ordered for US forces to date to 11,111.
Full-rate JLTV production was scheduled to begin in November or December 2018 ahead of fielding, and initial operating capability was expected for early to mid-2020. A full-rate JLTV production decision is now scheduled for FY 2019.
The first US army unit to receive JLTVs was the 1st Armored Brigade Combat Team, 3rd Infantry Division at Ft. Stewart. Following an announcement in December 2018 that a total of 500 JLTVs would be delivered by the end of March 2019, deliveries commenced the week of 7 January 2019. To coincide with the first fielding Oshkosh confirmed that over 3,000 JLTVs had been delivered to the army and marine corps.[55] The marines announced on 28 January 2019 that its first JLTV had fielded that day at the School of Infantry West at Camp Pendleton, California. By the end of May the marines will have fielded its first 55 vehicles to support units at training locations including the School of Infantry West, School of Infantry East and the Motor Transport Maintenance Instructional Company. The first JLTVs for operations will go to 3rd Battalion, 8th Marines in Camp Lejeune, N.C., and once that fielding takes place in July the corps will be able to declare Initial Operational Capability (IOC) for the JLTV. By the end of fiscal year 2019 when between 250 and 300 JLTVs will be delivered, all three Marine Expeditionary Forces – I MEF in Camp Pendleton, II MEF in Camp Lejeune and III MEF in Okinawa, Japan, will have received some combination of JLTVs. Around 1,000 Further JLTVs are scheduled to be fielded during Fiscal Year 2020.[56]
For FY 2020 (1 October 2019-30 September 2020) the Pentagon's JLTV funding request totals US$1.641 billion, this to procure 2,530 vehicles for the Army, 1,398 for the Marines (with 3,986 more between FY2021 and FY2024), 140 for the Air Force, and 22 for the Navy. Other FY 2020 budget activities include US$4.8 million for engineering and manufacturing development. In March 2019 it was reported that Army's FY2020 budget request included proposed cuts to pay for modernisation priorities, with one of those proposed cuts being the JLTV. It was reported that over the coming five years the service will spend US$800 million less on the JLTV programme than initially expected, this potentially resulting in the purchase of 1,900 fewer vehicles. As of May 2019 the service had not changed its approved acquisition objective (AAO) of 49,099 JLTVs.[57] In 2020, USMC Lieutenant General Eric Smith suggested remotely operated JLTVs with Naval Strike Missiles for coastal defense.[58]
Full-rate production of the JLTV was approved on 20 June 2019.[59]

Foreign Interest
In June 2016, the British Ministry of Defence (MOD) confirmed it was discussing a potential Foreign Military Sales (FMS) deal with the U.S. military for the L-ATV. The vehicle is being considered for the British Army's Multi Role Vehicle-Protected (MRV-P) Package 1 requirement for troop carrying and other light duties, part of a program to equip the Army with several types of wheeled armored vehicles to support rapid deployment and regular forces. It is not typical for the U.S. government to do FMS sales until there is a full production rate decision on the equipment, but that requirement could be waived given the overall maturity of the JLTV platform.[60] In July 2017, the Defense Department announced the UK planned to spend up to US$1.04 billion to supply the British military with a maximum of 2,747 of the vehicles.[61]
The Lithuanian Ministry of Defence (MoD) has contacted the U.S. Defense Department regarding a potential acquisition of about 200 Oshkosh L-ATV light tactical vehicles. Under the proposed acquisition, the value of which has not been mentioned, deliveries are scheduled to begin in 2021.[62]
Slovenian Defence Minister Karl Erjavec disclosed on 14 November 2018 that Slovenia had signed a government-to-government agreement with the US on the procurement of 38 JLTVs for the army's medium-sized battlegroup. Deliveries will run 2021–2023. This is the first confirmed Foreign Military Sale of the JLTV brings total JLTV orders to 11,149 as of November 2018.[63]
On 11 September 2020, the Belgian ministry of Defence announced that it has placed an order for 322 JLTVs under a €135 million deal.[64]

Design
Given the competitive nature of the JLTV competition, only limited technical detail has been released by either the US Army or Oshkosh. This directly impacts on available L-ATV technical detail. Only nominal dimensions and limited operating weight and automotive data is available.
The L-ATV is based around Oshkosh's TAK-4i (i = intelligent) independent suspension system. Around 26,000 military vehicles are fitted with an earlier version of the system,[65] these including the Oshkosh Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement (MTVR), Oshkosh Logistic Vehicle System Replacement (LVSR), and Oshkosh MRAP All-Terrain Vehicle (M-ATV); the TAK-4 system has also been retro-fitted to the Force Protection Inc Cougar and BAE Systems RG-33 MRAPs.[66] The majority of systems supplied to date have been coil-sprung. The TAK-4i version fitted to the L-ATV remains undisclosed, but is not coil-sprung and is of the variable adjustable ride-height type with up to 20 inches (51 cm) of wheel travel, 25 percent more than the current standard.[9][67]
Motive power is provided by a digitally-controlled Gale Banks Engineering 866T V-8 diesel, this based on the architecture of the General Motors (GM) Duramax LML.[7] Power output is 340 hp. In commercial use power output of the standard Duramax LML engine is currently up to 397 hp (296 kW) at 3,000 rpm. Production of the Duramax LML engine concluded in 2017, the unit replaced by the Duramax LP5. JLTV A1 models that were introduced in 2017 are powered by a derivation of this engine. An Allison 2500SP six-speed fully automatic transmission is fitted. The L-ATV can be fitted with the Oshkosh ProPulse diesel-electric powertrain, previously fitted to the Oshkosh Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck (HEMTT) and MTVR. According to Oshkosh literature,[68] the ProPulse diesel-electric powertrain dramatically improves fuel economy by up to 35 percent in certain circumstances and serves as an on-board generator with enough output to power an entire airfield or hospital, generating up to 120 kW of AC power for external operations; the hybrid powertrain is not a requirement of the JLTV program.[9] In a Limited User Test (LUT), the L-ATV demonstrated reliability of 7,051 "Mean Miles Between Operational Mission Failure," more than the Humvee and either other JLTV competitor.[69]
The L-ATV offers protection levels greater than those of up-armored HMMWVs and comparable to those of original MRAP class designs, but in an overall vehicle package that is considerably smaller and lighter than vehicles procured under the US Marines MRAP procurement.[70] The L-ATV is fully compliant with the US Army's Long Term Armor Strategy (LTAS), based around the A-kit/B-kit modular armor principle. The A-kit, which is installed during build, is primarily fixings for add-on armor but can include small amounts of armor fitted in difficult-to-reach areas. The B-kit is essentially the add-on armor, this added when required and as a modular add-on. According to the US Army, the A-kit/B-kit concept allows the Army flexibility in several areas: the armor B-kit can be taken off when not needed – reducing unnecessary wear and tear on the vehicles; the Army can continue to pursue upgrades in armor protection – adapting B-kits to match the threat; and the versatility of the B-kit enables the transfer of armor from unit to unit – making armor requirements affordable by pooling assets versus buying armor that is only for one vehicle.[71] Oshkosh developed the CORE 1080 crew protection system for the vehicle, comprising the hull design, armor materials, a fire-extinguishing system, and energy-absorbing floors, seats, and restraint systems for crew members and stowage.[72]
The Oshkosh M-ATV, which was procured primarily for Afghanistan where the earlier and bigger/heavier MRAPs had mobility issues, has protection comparable to the original MRAP designs, but while smaller it still remains a relatively large vehicle. During the L-ATV design process, every component was optimized for survivability, resulting in the same level of protection in a vehicle 30 percent smaller. This resulted in a curb weight for the JLTV requirement of 14,000 lb (6,400 kg), almost one-third the weight of the heavier MRAP (4x4) models,[73] and almost half the weight of the original MRAP models.[74] Payload allowance for the JLTV in Combat Tactical Vehicle (CTV) configuration was four passengers and 3,500 lb (1,600 kg) of cargo, and in Combat Support Vehicle (CSV) configuration was two passengers and 5,100 lb (2,300 kg) of cargo.[75]
The base L-ATV does not have a standard armament, however it can be fitted with a selection of weapons including light, medium, and heavy machine guns, automatic grenade launchers, or anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) depending on user requirements. The weapons can be operated from ring mounts or a remote weapon station.[9][67] Smoke grenade launchers for self-defence can also be fitted if required.
The JLTV family and its nomenclature evolved throughout the development process and to date the U.S. Army has allocated M designations to four individual JLTV configurations. The JLTV family now consists of three base vehicle platforms, Utility (JLTV-UTL), Close Combat Weapons Carrier (JLTV-CCWC) and General Purpose (JLTV-GP). The Utility base vehicle platform is a two-door configuration, the General Purpose and Close Combat Weapons Carrier base vehicle platforms are a four-door configuration. Standard U.S. military M-designators are applied base vehicle platforms when outfitted to a specific Mission Package Configuration. These currently are:
M1278 Heavy Guns Carrier - General Purpose (JLTV-GP) base vehicle platform in Heavy Guns Carrier Mission Package Configuration
M1279 Utility - Utility (JLTV-UTL) base vehicle platform in Utility Mission Package Configuration
M1280 General Purpose - General Purpose (JLTV-GP) base vehicle platform in General Purpose Mission Package Configuration
M1281 Close Combat Weapons Carrier - Close Combat Weapons Carrier (JLTV-CCWC) base vehicle platform in Close Combat Weapons Carrier Mission Package Configuration
There is also a companion trailer (JLTV-T), this towable by all JLTV variants.[76]
Additionally, On 11 May 2016, the Army confirmed a plan, suggested since late 2015, to use the JLTV for the Light Reconnaissance Vehicle (LRV) requirement. Some changes will need to be made to the base L-ATV vehicle to meet LRV requirements. In May 2017 it was reported that the JLTV-RV (JLTV - Reconnaissance Vehicle) is to be incorporated into the current JLTV Technical Data Package (TDP) and will be a kit option on the next JLTV contract. The JLTV-RV is designated as the interim solution for the LRV requirement.[77]
Oshkosh showcased for the first time the L-ATV Ambulance at the Association of the United States Army (AUSA) Global Force Symposium in Huntsville, AL, from March 26–28, 2019. The L-ATV Ambulance is based on the Utility configuration base platform and the rear can hold 4 litters or up to 8 seated patients or a combination of the two. At present the L-ATV Ambulance is not a JLTV variant.[6]

A Navy Marine Expeditionary Ship Interdiction System (NMESIS) launcher deploys into position.
In December 2019, the Marine Corps tested a version of the JLTV called ROGUE Fires, which consists of an unmanned JLTV-based mobile launch platform carrying a Naval Strike Missile launcher unit.[78] This was part of the Navy/Marine Expeditionary Ship Interdiction System (NMESIS) to procure ground-based anti-ship missile capabilities for the Marines to support sea control and sea denial missions.[79]
In September 2020, the Marines contracted Kongsberg to qualify the XM914 RWS on the JLTV, equipped with an XM914E1 30 mm cannon, 7.62 mm coaxial machinegun, and Stinger missiles to fulfill an air defense role.[80] The Marine Air Defense Integrated System (MADIS) fills the gap left by the retirement of the AN/TWQ-1 Avenger by the USMC in the mid-2000s. It consists of two JLTVs, one with the turret fitted with a 30 mm cannon, Stinger missile launcher, and an optical sensor and the other with an RPS-42 360-degree radar, 7.62 mm M134 minigun, and EO/IR sensors; both have the Modi II dismounted electronic countermeasures system and shoulder-fired Stingers.[81] The indefinite delivery / indefinite quantity (IDIQ) contract for the RS6 RWS was signed in October 2021.[82][83]

JLTV; foreign interest and operators

Additional details of orders and potential orders for JLTV, which technically if not an FMS sale is the L-ATV, can be found in Joint Light Tactical Vehicle.
Afghanistan
The Taliban have captured an unknown quantity of potentially damaged L-ATVs
Lithuania: Lithuanian Army – 2021 August 17 the first JLTV shipment that has arrived in Lithuania includes 50 vehicles.[85] Lithuania signed a contract for 200 JLTVs with options for 200 more in 2019.[86][87]
Montenegro: Armed Forces of Montenegro – 67 JLTVs on order [88][89]
Slovenia: Slovenian Ground Force – 38 JLTVs ordered in November 2018, and in June 2021 intent to order another 37 during 2021 announced.[90][91][92][93] [94]
United States of America: U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps and U.S. Air Force – Contract award on 25 August 2015. Overall requirements have fluctuated, but as of January 2020 were stated by Micheal Sprang, JLTV Project Director to be: Army - 49,099 (this figure has remained relatively constant); Marine Corps - 16,000 (approx.); Air Force - 2000 (dependent on funding); Navy (approx. 400). The initial JLTV contract award had a potential value of US$6.749 billion and called for a maximum of 16,901 JLTVs. The follow-on JLTV contract will be re-competed.[95][96]
Future operators[edit]
Belgium: Belgian Army - Purchase of 322 JLTVs approved in September 2020 for EUR135 million.[97]
Brazil: Brazilian Marine Corps - Contract for 12 JLTVs signed in October 2020.[98][99]
North Macedonia: North Macedonia's Long Term Defence Capability Development Plan predicts the acquisition by 2024 of 96 JLTVs.[100]
Potential operators[edit]
Portugal - Portuguese Army - In April 2020, Portugal announced that it would be seeking to procure the JLTV through the US FMS programme.[101][102]
United Kingdom: British Army – In June 2016 it was reported that to meet Package 1 of the Multi Role Vehicle-Protected (MRV-P) requirement, the UK Ministry of Defence (MoD) was in talks with the Pentagon on acquiring the JLTV via the Foreign Military Sales (FMS) route.[103]